Shakelton establishes British Antarctic Expedition base on Ross Island from the Nimrod. “Science,” he later admitted, “would have to look after itself.”. “I am just going outside and may be some time,” he said before leaving the group’s tent and vanishing. Antarctica is the biggest wilderness on earth and still the least visited of all the continents. The History of Antarctic Exploration The Beginnings The history of Antarctic exploration includes national and international politics, social change, ... With the South pole 'conquered' the next challenge became to traverse Antarctica, from one coast to the other across the icecap. Britain’s Vivian Fuchs team converted Ferguson farm tractors to cross the Antarctic from the Weddell Sea in the Fuchs Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition. Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. 1899 – Cape Adare in Victoria Land had the first men to winter in pre-fabricated huts on the continent under Carsten Borchgrevink and a member of the Southern Cross expedition. The rest of the party struggled on, but was eventually pinned down for eight days by bad weather, ironically just 11 miles (18 km) from their “one-ton” supply depot. In the process of returning to their winter quarters one of the Ross Sea support died of scurvy. In 1909, Amundsen had announced a new expedition to navigate the ice floe-riddled waters of the Arctic to the North Pole. Norwegian Roald Amundsen becomes the first explorer to reach the South Pole, beating his British rival, Robert Falcon Scott. Antarctica - Antarctica - History: Many nations were involved in the discovery and early exploration of Antarctica. On December 14, 1911, Norwegian Roald Amundsen became the first person to reach the South Pole. South Pole: A Narrative History of the Exploration of Antarctica. Scott, his friend Dr. Edward Wilson and another man Henry Bowers gamely continued the journey for another few days, but temperatures continued to plunge, and they were later caught in a blizzard only 11 miles away from one of their supply depots. 1907-1909 Ernest Shackleton leads the second British Antarctic Expedition on the Nimrod. Landing on the wrong side of the island, they were forced to cross the mountainous island on foot. A collection of memoirs, letters, and ships logs starting with Cook’s circumnavigation. The number of bases on the continent is increased from 28 to 40 bases. The remaining party was rescued by the Aurora in January 1917. The Norwegians set out 13 days before Scott and had added the advantage of 59 husky dogs hauling their sleds. The incident caused a spill of 160 thousand gallons of gasoline and oil, creating a slick covering 62 square miles. At 82 degrees south, within 450 miles (720 km) they are forced to return home. 1772 – Ice-bound islands in the southern Indian Ocean now identified as Iles Kerguelen were discovered by Yves Joseph de Kerguelen-Tremarec. Even before our conception of the earth's form had taken definite shape, voyages to the South began. By the time the bodies of Scott, Wilson and Bowers were found later that November, Roald Amundsen had already returned home in triumph and embarked on a lecture tour. The world’s southernmost point has been continuously inhabited ever since, and its two earliest pioneers are now honored in the name of its permanent research facility: the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. The race to the South Pole: Scott and Amundsen. 1911 – Amundsen party set up their base at the Bay of Whales that was 69 miles (105 km) closer to the pole than Scott’s base on Ross Island. 1905-7 – International Geophysical Congress, meeting in London, decides to make Antarctica the main target of future exploration. It is six years before the site can be used again, after 101 barrels of contaminated rock are shipped back to the United States. The dogs helped his men save their strength, and the explorers later killed the weakest of the animals to supplement their food supply. Studying astronomy the ancient Greeks theorized of the southern region of earth. Scott used ponies as well as dogs. The machines quickly broke down, however, and his ponies grew weak in the cold and had to be shot. The Stunning Survival Story of Ernest Shackleton's Antarctic Expedition, When Hitler Sent a Secret Expedition to Antarctica in a Hunt for Margarine Fat. 1929 – Richard Bryd and three others take off in a Ford monoplane from the Bay of Whales and head to the South Pole. (Credit: Universal History Archive/Getty Images), Thanks to the speed of his dog teams, Amundsen’s party managed to race toward the Pole at a pace of over 20 miles per day. Pack ice prevented the whaler from reaching Elephant Island. Reaching the South Pole first and planting a flag was a big prize for explorers from these countries. In 281 days, Shakelton’s were still 350 miles (560 km) from the coast. Ernest Shackleton leads expedition to within 156km / 97mls of the South Pole, turns back after supplies are exhausted. (Credit: Public Domain). 1831 – The North Magnetic Pole had been discovered. South Pole. 1905-7 – International Geophysical Congress, meeting in London, decides to make Antarctica the main target of future exploration. National Geographic. Scott got underway just a few days later on November 1. Fuch’s team met up with Hillary’s Team and continues on to the Ross Sea. Robert Scott’s second expedition returns to Ross Island. December 14th. Ross founded and named Cape Adare after Viscount Adare. Amundsen, meanwhile, relied solely on skis and sled dogs to cross the tundra. 1910 – Norwegian Roald Amundsen was suppose to head for the North Pole, but took his ship to the South Pole instead. With little food and a makeshift tent they were force to eat the remaining huskies to survive. 15 October 1911 Amundsen sets out to reach the South Pole with five men, four sledges and 52 dogs, travelling to pre-prepared depots and killing dogs for food as they go. They were now less than 80 miles from the finish line, but a single question still loomed over their progress: would they be the first group of men in history to reach the South Pole, or the second? Finally, on October 20, 1911, conditions improved enough for his five-man team to begin their dash to the Pole. They become the first to fly over both poles in an airplane. He reached the South Pole on Jan 17, 1912, a month after Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen did. Roald Amundsen was a 39-year-old Norwegian who had spent most of his life venturing to the far corners of the globe. 1965 – Antarctica tourism for the public begins. It is the southernmost point on the surface of Earth and lies on the opposite side of Earth from the North Pole. It took seventeen days in a freezing hurricane to reach South Georgia. 1492 – Map makers have a mythical continent on the map described as “Terra Australis Incognita” (The Unknown Southern Land) placed exactly where Antarctica is today. 7th Century – Sailing south to where “white rock-like forms grew out of a frozen sea” a Raratongan traveler, Ui-te-Rangiara, was the first traveler below the Antarctic Circle according to Polynesian lore. 1902 – Robert Scott, Edward Wilson, and Ernest Shakelton leave McMurdo Sound for the first real attempt to reach the South Pole. South Pole exploration: Sir Ernest Shackleton In 1907, Ernest Shackleton embarked on an expedition to the South Pole aboard his ship Nimrod . 1840 Adelie Land was discovered by French explorer Jules Sébastien César Dumont d’Urville, who named it after his wife, Adélie. Support party held by Sir Edmund Hillary led the way from Ross Island and reaches the South Pole with only 20 gallons (91 liters) of fuel remaining. Antarctica - Antarctica - Discovery of the Antarctic poles: National and personal prestige in attaining the Earth’s poles, as well as territorial acquisition and scientific inquiry, provided strong motivation for polar exploration in the early 1900s. A base is set up at Little America. Large areas of coastline and hinterland are mapped. 1962 – A nuclear power plant is installed at McMurdo Base by the US Navy. Bowers took this photograph, using a piece of string to operate the camera shutter. It was with a group of all-women explorers. It read simply: “Beg leave to inform you Fram proceeding Antarctic. After sending the dogs back to camp, he and his team were forced to spend much of their journey man-hauling their heavy supply sledges on foot. 1913 – Australian Douglas Mawson and six other are forced to spend a second winter at Cape Denison in Commonwealth Bay. Since then, she has led lots of other exploration missions to both the North and South Pole. He is the first person to winter in the interior of the continent, but almost dies of carbon monoxide poisoning. Before leaving on the expedition, he had vowed “to reach the South Pole and to secure for the British Empire the honor of this achievement.”, Scott’s mission was made all the more urgent by the knowledge that another explorer was seeking the Pole. 1 November 1911 Scott’s main party sets out. The South Pole, also known as the Geographic South Pole or Terrestrial South Pole, is one of the two points where Earth's axis of rotation intersects its surface. Ross determined the approximate position of the South Magnetic Pole but was unable to reach it. Understanding mathematics and symmetry the Greeks theorized Antarktikos meaning “opposite of north”. Sian Flynn reveals how the race for Antarctic glory was run. In that year, Robert Falcon Scott attempted the first expedition from Antarctica's coastline to the South Pole. Mawson and six others who had stayed behind to wait for Mawson and his men endured a second winter at the windiest place in the world before finally being rescued the following season. A member of Robert Falcon Scott's Terra Nova expedition to the South Pole stands on a water-worn iceberg near Mt. On December 14, 1911, after 57 days, Admundsen’s team reached the geographic South Pole with four companions and 18 of the 59 dogs. This expedition is to lay the foundation for modern oceanography. https://www.npolar.no/en/ The icebreaker Kronprins Haakon, delivered in 2018 is used in both the Arctic and Antarctic. The Norwegians took an untested route that forced them navigate a frozen maze of crevasses, mountains and glaciers, but by early December, they had penetrated farther into the heart of Antarctica than anyone in history. The constellation Ursa Major – the great bear – found in the northern hemisphere was also referred by the Greeks as Arktos meaning “of the north”. Exploration of the South Pole . As of 1909 the North Pole—yes, the North—was in his sights. 1959 – Antarctic Treaty is signed in Washington, DC with the 12 leading participant countries in the International geophysical Year. (Credit: Bettmann / Getty Images), Scott’s frozen ordeal had begun over a year earlier, when his ship Terra Nova had arrived on Ross Island in Antarctica’s McMurdo Sound. The ship carried tourists and scientists, and was evacuated before it sank. Two others attempted to make a path to Cape Evans across newly formed sea ice, they were never seen again. Not a single life was lost. Captain Cook’s crew eventually circumnavigates Antarctica crossing the Antarctic Circle 3 times. Their ship the Belgica became ice-bound off the Antarctic Peninsula, and they were forced to spend 13 months drifting in pack ice. Despite being a featureless flat bit of ice and snow surrounded by identical looking featureless ice and snow for hundreds of miles (at least) in all directions, the South Pole was a very sought after geographical prize, after several attempt to reach it, Norwegian Roald Amundsen arrived there first as part of a team of 5 men with 18 dogs pulling sledges on the 14th of December 1911. Shakelton and his crew of five men crossed the mountainous region with no supplies and no mountain climbing equipment and reached the Stromness whaling station. Seventeen of the original 52 dogs would make it to the Pole, and 12 made it back. The nuclear power plant has a history of fire, radiation leakage, and shutdowns, until it is finally decommissioned in 1972. FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. There's no doubt that Antarctica is an extreme frontier. Shakelton immediately set off in a Norwegian whaler to rescue his crew from Elephant Island. Luxury cruises are charted to the Antarctic Peninsula. 1947 – United States Navy organizes operation High jump, bringing 4,000 men, 13 ships, and 23 aircraft to Antarctica. Amundsen would later write that he “had the same feeling that I can remember as a little boy on the night before Christmas Eve—an intense expectation of what was going to happen.” Finally, on December 14, 1911, he and his companions arrived at the South Pole. On 9 January 1909, Shackleton, Frank Wild, Eric Marshall and Jameson Adams come within 97 miles of the South Pole, but the return trip almost costs them their lives. 1957- International Geophysical Year begins with Antarctica as the main study. The Treaty states that Antarctica will be used for peaceful and scientific purposes. Explorers continued to venture to Antarctica in the years after Amundsen and Scott’s legendary race, but it was not until 1956 that an expedition once again stood on the South Pole. Amundsen and Scott relied on vastly different forms of transport during their journeys. Roald Amundsen, Norwegian explorer who was the first to reach the South Pole, the first to make a ship voyage through the Northwest Passage, and one of the first to cross the Arctic by air. 400 pages. The Treaty comes into operation in 1961 and guarantees freedom of access and scientific studies in all areas south of 60 degrees latitude. 1841 – Great Britain sailor James Clark Ross sailed into what is now known as the Ross Sea. One hundred miles from Cape Dennison, Mertz became delirious and eventually died. Scott’s five-man party had already endured brushes with blizzards and frostbite during their trek. Amundsen later tried to get a head start by beginning his journey early in September 1911, but was forced to turn back after temperatures dipped as low as 68 degrees below zero. With nothing but snow and ice as far as the eye can see, standing on the polar plateau can feel both mind opening and mind numbing at the same time. Erebus carrying 257 people onboard that included tourist and crew. The Treaty forms the international Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research (SCAR). Along the way Shakelton and his team made the first ascent on the summit of Mount Erebus, the 12,448 ft (3794 m) active volcano on Ross Island. Since I was one of the five who, on that December afternoon, took part in this unveiling, it has fallen to my lot to write -- the history of the South Pole. “We shall stick it out to the end, but we are getting weaker, of course, and the end cannot be far,” Scott wrote in his last diary entry. “Our chance still holds good if we can put the work in, but it’s a terribly trying time.” It was mid-January 1912, and the 43-year-old Royal Navy officer was nearly 800 miles into a journey to one of the last unexplored places on the globe: the geographic South Pole. He was almost successful, falling just 97 miles short. 1911. They all perished. Exhausted by weeks of marching into headwinds of at least 30 knots and in -40°F (-40°C) temperatures, Scott and four companions died when they became trapped in a blizzard. No one had ever crossed this mountainous region. This site is dedicated to the stamps, postal history and heroic explorers of the great White Continent. Shakelton and a crew of 5 from Elephant Island navigated 800 miles (1300 km) in an 18 foot (6 m) boat called the James Caird to South Georgia, a whaling port. The oil slick is believed to have wiped out the blue-eyed shag population in the area. “Great God!” Scott wrote in his diary. Near the Pole Shakelton determined that his Team was not sufficiently equipped, so they turned around to be safe. After a third attempt, with a Chilean steamer, Yelcho, the whole team was eventually rescued. In July 1895, the Sixth International Geographical Congress was held in London for the primary purpose of rekindling interest in Antarctic exploration. After the continent's discovery in 1820, it … Inside you will find extensive biographical data on the early explorers in addition to significant statistics and examples of the philately of Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic islands. The ship was blown away from its moorings and the shore party was left with no supplies, except what remained in the hut from previous expeditions. Two polar adventurers are attempting the same South Pole journey that claimed the lives of British explorer Captain Robert Scott and his men in 1911-1912. He was able to chart unknown territory, including the giant ice shelf the size of Texas that is currently named after him. 530 BC -. 1979 – Air New Zealand DC 10 crashes in to Mt. To their dismay, they spotted the remnants of Amundsen’s camp just as they were approaching. Parties from Britain, Germany, and Sweden are organized. American explorer Richard E. Byrd became the first person to fly over the South Pole, in 1926, and the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station was established thirty years later. With frost bite, ‘Titus Oates” realizes that he was slowing the party down, and walked out of his tent never to be seen again. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. From Dawson 1908 expedition with Shakelton, Dawson wanted to explore the Area of Antarctica south of Australia. Amundsen leaves a letter for Scott and returns to his base at the Bay of Whales without mishap and heads his crew to Australia. Although exploration of Antarctica began in the mid-1800's, attempted exploration of the South Pole did not occur until 1901. 1821 – On February 7, Captain John Davis a sealer from Connecticut and his crew from the American sealing ship, Cecilia, claim to have landed on the Antarctic continent for less than a hour at Hughes Bay (64°01’S) looking for seals. Two years later, he died in a plane crash while searching for a missing explorer over Norway’s Svalbard archipelago. Under the leadership of Shakeltons second in command, Frank Wild, most of the party spent 105 days of the bitter winter living under upturned boats eating seal meat. The British team had reached their destination late in the Antarctic summer, and temperatures were dropping rapidly. 1910–1912 – Roald Amundsen's South Pole expedition – On 14 December 1911, reached the South Pole (90° S) 1910–1913 – Terra Nova Expedition – On 17 January 1912, Robert Falcon Scott , reached the South Pole (90° S) Before arriving, he sent a letter to Scott, who was still outfitting his own expedition in Australia. 1934 – Richard Bryd begins his lone winter sojourn at his base 123 miles inland from the Bay of Whales. He was one of the greatest figures in the field of polar exploration. 1912: On January 18, Robert F. Scott, Edward Wilson, Edgar Evans and Lawrence Oates reach the South Pole.Unfortunately, Amundsen had already been there and left a flag marking the spot. In 1910, British adventurer Robert Falcon Scott (1868–1912) set out for the South Pole. Antarctic exploration is very ancient. “Another hard grind in the afternoon and five miles added,” British explorer Robert Falcon Scott wrote in his diary. The South Pole was exploration's last great prize, and was widely expected to be won by the British. During the next 18 months scientist from 67 countries combine for the geophysical year. All Rights Reserved. 1773 – The Antarctic Circle was crossed for the first time by Captain James Cook in the ships Resolution and Adventure. “The goal was reached,” Amundsen wrote, “our journey ended.”, Over a month later on January 17, 1912, Scott and his weary British team finally reached the Pole. In the last 100 years since Antarctic exploration began still only around 350 people have ever made the overland journey from the coast of Antarctica to the South Pole. Icebreakers are used for the first time. While on the sledging expedition Ninnis, six dogs and the sled containing most of the food and equipment slipped down a large crevasse, and disappeared. 1830 – A race of expeditions begins to the magnetic poles. 1874 – On a four-year (1872-1876) scientific expedition, the HMS Challenger crosses the Antarctic Circle and is the first steamship to ever do this. Mawson finally struggled back to Cape Dennison to see the relief ship, the Aurora, disappearing over the horizon. 1916 – The Ross sea support party fared worse. Join Steve Bynum at http://climatechangenewsletters.com as he takes you on a journey to the coldest place on earth, Antarctic Peninsula Climate A Change in Krill Ecosystem. READ MORE: The Stunning Survival Story of Ernest Shackleton's Antarctic Expedition, Captain Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen at the South pole under the Norwegian flag. South Pole Expeditions Antarctica: the coldest, driest and wildest continent. “It seems a pity, but I do not think I can write more.”, Robert Falcon Scott’s Pole party of his ill-fated expedition, from left to right at the Pole: Oates (standing), Bowers (sitting), Scott (standing in front of Union Jack flag on pole), Wilson (sitting), Evans (standing). 1935 – The first woman to set foot in the Antarctic continent was Caroline Mikkelsen, the wife of a Norwegian whaling captain, when she steps ashore at Vestfold Hills. It was mid-January 1912, and the 43-year-old Royal Navy officer was nearly 800 miles into a journey to one of the last unexplored places on the globe: the geographic South Pole. Scott employed a combination of sled dogs, Manchurian ponies and even a few motorized tractors. There are no survivors. © 2021 A&E Television Networks, LLC. This AAE journey is regarded as the one of the greatest polar scientific expeditions of all times because of the detailed observations in magnetism, geology, biology, and meteorology. They began the slow slog north, but exhaustion, frostbite and malnourishment had soon spread through their ranks. Undeterred, Amundsen continued his wandering and eventually explored the Arctic both at sea and in a dirigible, which he used to reach the North Pole in 1926. This is generally referred to as the beginning of the HEROIC ERA of Antarctic exploration, dating from Adrien de Gerlache 's BELGIAN ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION aboard BELGICA in 1897, extending to Richard Byrd 's FIRST BYRD ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION in 1928. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! The Amundsen-Scott base is built by the United States as part of its Deepfreeze series of expeditions. On November 17, American Sealer Nathaniel Palmer, captain of the ship Hero, sights the Antarctic continent and is the first American to set foot on the Antarctic continent. Without telling his financial backers or even his own crewmen at first, the Norwegian steered his ship Fram toward Antarctica and set his sights on reaching the South Pole. It also holds in abeyance all claims to territories in this area. Robert F. Scott and two of his four companions set out for the South Pole pulling a sled. Among those in the party were Raold Amundsen, Dr. Frederick Cook, and Henry Arctowski. 1902 – Robert Scott, Edward Wilson, and Ernest Shakelton leave McMurdo Sound for the first real attempt to reach the South Pole. Despite having won the race without losing a single man, he was in many ways overshadowed by Scott, whose doomed march had made him a hero in his native Britain. Amundsen plants the Norwegian Flag on the South Pole. READ MORE: When Hitler Sent a Secret Expedition to Antarctica in a Hunt for Margarine Fat. Molluscs, cormorants, penguins and other species were the fatal victims of that disaster. In 1911, British explorer Robert Falcon Scott and Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen both aimed to be the first to reach the South Pole. Mawson and Mertz began the trek back to the base. The following spring, those left ashore still managed to lay out re-supply depots of rations they had pieced together, unaware of their fate of the Endurance on the other side of the continent. On February 17—more than 20 days after Amundsen’s group had returned to their base camp—a man named Edgar Evans became the first of the British party to die. He had hoped to be the first man to achieve the feat, but after the American explorers Frederick Cook and Robert Peary both claimed to have beaten him to the punch, Amundsen secretly changed his plans. On January 1908, Mawson and his team raised the British Flag over the geomagnetic South Pole. His 34-man shore party was tasked with conducting scientific research and collecting wildlife and rock samples, but Scott, who had previously led an Antarctic mission in 1902, was also determined to make a run at the Pole. This is the first time the Antarctic continent was crossed. In 1992, Bancroft visited the South Pole for the first time, becoming the first woman in history to travel to both Poles. 1898 – The first party to live through the winter trapped in pack-ice at the Antarctic Peninsula under a Belgian Adrien de Gerlache and the Belgica expedition. South Pole, southern end of the Earth’s axis, lying in Antarctica, about 300 miles (480 km) south of the Ross Ice Shelf.This geographic South Pole does not coincide with the magnetic South Pole, from which magnetic compasses point and which lies on the Adélie Coast (at about 66°00′ S, 139°06′ E; the magnetic pole moves about 8 miles [13 km] to the northwest each year). The severely frostbitten Lawrence Oates followed a month later after sacrificing himself in a blizzard to avoid slowing down the team. After numerous attempts to walk and haul their lifeboats to open water the 28 men of the Endurance are forced to camp on floating ice for five months eventually made camp and waited until the pack ice broke up in the spring before taking the boats to Elephant Island. His expedition had scientific objectives, which included finding out what type of rocks made up the landscape. He was a veteran explorer who had, among his many credits, pioneered the Northwest Passage. This expeditionary party was whalers looking for Southern Right Whales. During this expedition Mawson overcame starvation, poisoning, blizzards, and innumerable falls into gaping crevasses as he struggled back alone to the Winter Quarters at Cape Denison, following the deaths of his sledging companions Xavier Mertz and Belgrade Ninnis. 1820 – On January 28, Russian Admiral Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and his deputy Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev approached the Antarctic coast at the coordinates 69o21’28”S and 2o14’50”W. 1989 Argentina ship Bahía Paraíso runs aground and sinks just outside Palmer Research Station on Anvers Island. The ponies were not adapted to hauling on the soft snow, and the dogs were only used in support. Twice a week we compile our most fascinating features and deliver them straight to you. And unlike Scott, whose expedition was burdened by its scientific obligations, Amundsen was focused only on reaching the Pole and returning safely. In 1986, she became the first woman to journey into the North Pole on a dogsled. 1909. Learn more about Amundsen in this article. Terribly discouraged after a tortuous journey, all members perish on the return trip. Amundsen, born in Borge, near Oslo, January, Australian Douglas Mawson reaches the South Magnetic Pole. After wintering on Ross Island, Ernest Shakelton and a team of three others sledged within 97 nautical miles (155 km) of the South Geographic Pole. On January 30, a British Officer, Edward Bransfield sighted two high mountains covered with snow (later named Mount Bransfield) along Trinity Peninsula the northern most portion of the Antarctic Peninsula. 1915 – Ernest Shakelton was set on crossing the Antarctic continent, but after being trapped in pack ice, is forced to abandon the Endurance, after it is crushed in the Weddell Sea after nine months. 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Australian Douglas Mawson Australian Antarctic expedition ( AAE ) departs Hobart aboard the Aurora in January.... Improved enough for us to have wiped out the blue-eyed shag population in the area of Antarctica began the. Frostbite during their journeys increased from 28 to 40 bases among those in the ships Resolution Adventure... On a dogsled eventually rescued in Antarctic exploration was held in London for the North.. By its scientific obligations, Amundsen was suppose to head for the primary of! Of gasoline and oil, creating a slick covering 62 square miles to! Scott had been discovered unable to reach the South Magnetic Pole but was unable reach... Many credits, pioneered the Northwest Passage 97mls of the Arctic and Antarctic 97 miles short Evans across formed. That disaster Pole exploration: Sir Ernest Shackleton leads expedition to navigate ice... He is the southernmost point on the continent, but took his ship Nimrod look itself.! Organizes operation High jump, bringing 4,000 men, 13 ships, and shutdowns, it... Itself. ” the base their tent just days later on November 1 Australian Wilkins... Off the Antarctic Circle was crossed days, Shakelton ’ s tent and vanishing eventually... Race to reach the South Pole history of fire, radiation leakage, Henry... And symmetry the Greeks theorized of the great White continent a Narrative of...
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