[7], There are ten species under the genus Eleusine Gaertn, seven diploid (2n=16, 18 and 20) and three tetraploid taxa (2n=36 or 38). Leveling and watering of beds is required during transplanting. Its main growing area ranges from 20°N to 20°S, meaning mainly the semiarid to arid tropics. Sturmiopsis inferens). Hence, it can be cultivated on higher elevations than most tropical crops. Distribution: Finger millet is cultivated in the drier areas of Africa and Asia, with highest production in India. Despite all these merits, ⦠[4], Finger millet originated in East Africa (Ethiopian and Ugandan highlands) and came to India around 2000 BCE. The grains should then be cured to obtain maturity by heaping the harvested earheads in shade for one day without drying, so that the humidity and temperature increase and the grains get cured. Transplanting the seedlings: Raising the seedlings in nursery beds and transplant to the main field. Broadcasting: Seeds are directly sown in the field. Millet definition: Millet is a cereal crop that is grown for its seeds or for hay . According to the US National Research Council (1996), finger millet has many good qualities. It is also made in the form of pancakes with chopped onions and tomatoes. It is commonly called kodo in Nepal where 877 accessions have been maintained by National Plant Genetic Resource Centre, Khumaltar, Nepal. As a first step of processing finger millet can be milled to produce flour. Ragi is called koozh – a staple diet in farming communities, eaten along with raw onions and green chillies. Finger millet can be ground into a flour and cooked into cakes, puddings or porridge. Fermented millet is used to make a beer chhaang and the mash is distilled to make a liquor (rakśiशी). Finger millet is native to the Ethiopian highlands (DâAndrea et al., 1999). It's hearty nature and long-term storage potential make it an important food crop throughout Africa, Asia, and India. Eleusine coracana, or finger millet, is an annual herbaceous plant widely grown as a cereal crop in the arid and semiarid areas in Africa and Asia. 160.153.147.141, Finger millet is the common English name of the crop. Ragi is also used to make roti, idli, dosa and conjee. This is a preview of subscription content. In some parts of Kumaon region the ragi flour is used to make various snacks like namkeen sev and mathri. Together with corn, finger millet is used in Kenya to brew opaque beers. However, finger millet is difficult to mill due to the small size of the seeds and because the bran is bound very tightly to the endosperm. Furthermore, the industrial use of whole grain finger millet flour is limited. This was about 37% of all the recorded Millet's in the USA. Finger millet blast can also infest finger millet weeds such as the closely related E. indica, E. africana, Digitaria spp., Setaria spp., and Doctylocterium spp. Kezhvaragu is used to make puttu with jaggery or sugar. The flour is consumed with milk, boiled water, or yogurt. Furthermore, it can tolerate soil salinity up to a certain extent. Proso millet is tetraploid (2n = 4x = 36) (Saha et al., 2016) with an allotetraploid origin (Hunt et al., 2014). [4], Finger millet is a short-day plant with a growing optimum 12 hours of daylight for most varieties. This method is used in conservation agriculture. This is made into large balls to quantify the intake. Finger millet is a traditional crop of many ethnic groups in Kenya, but "nowadays grown to a relatively smaller extent than before." This is then rolled into balls of desired size and consumed with sambar (huli), saaru (ಸಾರು), or curries. The seeds should be sown about 3 cm deep in the soil. Accessions at IAAS, Rampur, Nepal", "Released and promising crop varieties for mountain agriculture in Nepal", "Systematics of Eleusine Gaertn. [4], Once harvested, the seeds keep extremely well and are seldom attacked by insects or moulds. Agriculture is the âengine for growthâ in Africa. Finger millet is a staple grain grown in more than 25 African and Asian countries, with Uganda, Nepal, China and India being the worldâs leading producers. Read full article By Yerroju Sridevi @ Pinnacle IHM Photo Credit: ICRISAT Finger millet popularly referred to as Ragi in Telugu, has taken its origin in Africa and later spread [â¦] $12.99 $ 12. Introduced to India approximately 3,000 years ago. In the Malnad region of Karnataka, the whole ragi grain is soaked and the milk is extracted to make a dessert known as keelsa. Moistening the millet seeds prior to grinding helps to remove the bran mechanically without causing damage to the rest of the seed. Climatic conditions. [4] The pink stem borer (Sesamia inferens) and the shoot fly (Atherigona milliaceae) are considered as the most relevant insect pests in finger millet cultivation. It was claimed to have been found in an Indian archaeological site dated to 1800 BCE (Late Bronze Age);[6] however, this was subsequently demonstrated to be incorrectly identified. In addition, intercropping with legumes, such as cowpea or pigeon pea, are also quite common in East Africa. [10] Measures to control Sesamia inferens are uprooting of infected plants, destroying of stubbles, having a crop rotation, chemical control with insecticides, biological measures such as pheromone traps, or biological pest control with the use of antagonistic organisms (e.g. Table 2.1.1 shows the identities and origins of the finger millet ⦠This is the common method because it is the easiest way and no special machinery is required. Ragi may refer to: . (S.M.Phillips), Eleusine jaegeri (Pilg. It was claimed to have been found in an Indian archaeological site dated to 1800 BCE (Late Bronze Age); however, this was subsequently demonstrated to be incorrectly identified. Millets have been a good part of the staple diet among many communities across the world. For Ugandan finger millet varieties, for instance, the optimal average growth temperature ranges at about 27 °C, while the minimal temperatures should not be lower than 18 °C. Finger millet is a grain or cereal product native to parts of Africa. Africa is the center of origin and also a major producer of several cereals like sorghum, pearl millet, finger millet, teff and African rice. This is the famed kali or keppai kali. is an important cereal food crop in Africa and South Asia. In Kerala, puttu, a traditional breakfast dish, can be made with ragi flour and grated coconut, which is then steamed in a cylindrical steamer. [4], Most common finger millet intercropping systems in South India are as follows:[citation needed], Weeds are the major biotic stresses for finger millet cultivation. ex A.Rich), Eleusine semisterilis (S.M.Phillips) and Eleusine tristachya (Lam.) Rani Bajri Flour (Finger Millet) 4 Pound, 4lbs (64oz) Bulk ~ All Natural | Vegan | Gluten Free Ingredients | NON-GMO | Indian Origin. This was introduced into India around 3 000 years ago, with the result that India is now a secondary centre of diversity for finger millet. It ranks sixth in production after wheat, rice, maize, sorghum and bajra in India. | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples [20] Ragi is dried, powdered, and boiled to form a thick mass that is allowed to cool. It is then eaten with a spicy meat curry and is usually swallowed in small balls, rather than chewing. Classification APG III (2009) Règne Plantae Clade Angiospermes Clade Monocotylédones Clade Commelinidées Ordre Poales Famille Poaceae Sous-famille Chloridoideae Tribu Cynodonteae Sous-tribu Eleusininae Genre Eleusine Espèce Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2, Reference Module Humanities and Social Sciences, Floors and Occupation Surface Analysis in Archaeology, Florence Charter on Historic Gardens (1982), Foraging to Farming Transition: Global Health Impacts, Trends, and Variation, Forensic and Archaeological Analyses: Similarities and Differences, Forensic Anthropology and Archaeology in Disaster Response, Forensic Anthropology: Investigating Human Rights Violations, Formal Education up to Age 18, Archaeology in. This service is more advanced with JavaScript available, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. The cereal has low fat content (1.3%) and contains mainly unsaturated fat. Finger millet is very adaptable to a wide range of environmental and climatic conditions, thrives at higher elevations than most other tropical cereals and tolerates salinity better than most cereals. 3.7 out of 5 stars 20. It is taken with sambar or kuzhambu. In southern India, on pediatrician’s recommendation, finger millet is used in preparing baby food, because of millet’s high nutritional content, especially iron and calcium. (Poaceae: Chloridoideae): Chloroplast DNA and Total Evidence", "Genome organization and polyploid evolution in the genus Eleusine (Poaceae)", "Regeneration guidelines Fingermillet, ICRISAT", "Evaluation of ecologies and severity of Striga weed on rice in sub-Saharan Africa", "Improved methodologies for breeding striga-resistant sorghums", "Resistance to Striga hermonthica in Wild Accessions of the Primary Gene Pool of Pennisetum glaucum", "Pink Stem Borer (Sesamia inference): Nature, Life Cycle and Control", https://www.livechennai.com/healthnews.asp?catid=10&newsid=45408&nav=n, List of top international rankings by country, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eleusine_coracana&oldid=996485567, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020, Articles needing additional references from February 2019, All articles needing additional references, Taxonbars with automatically added basionyms, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, With cereals: Finger millet/maize, finger millet/. Relative to other species (pearl millet and sorghum), finger millet has a higher tolerance to cool temperatures. Finger millet, plant producing edible grain; Ragi (Sikhism), a Sikh person skilled in performing ragas Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a yeast also known as ragi yeast All these make it one of the healthiest millets in the world. When the earhead on the main shoot and 50% of the earheads on the crop turn brown, the crop is ready for the first harvest. In Andhra Pradesh, ragi sankati or ragi muddha – ragi balls – are eaten in the morning with chilli, onions, and sambar. Its ability to bear waterlogging is limited, so good drainage of the soils and moderate water-holding capacity are optimal. 99 ($0.20/Ounce) Get it as soon as Fri, Dec 11. Finger millet is the fourth millet in terms of worldwide production after sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and foxtail millet (Setaria italica) (Upadhyaya et al., 2007). A minority use finger millet flour to make alcohol. The mini millet mill can also be used to process other grains such as wheat and sorghum. Finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) The flour is made into flatbreads, including thin, leavened dosa and thicker, unleavened roti. While some millets, such as finger millet, are full of calcium, some like jowar have potassium and phosphorus, and foxtail is fibrous while qodo is rich in iron. [11] Chemical measures can be direct spraying of systemic fungicides, such as the active ingredients pyroquilon or tricyclazone or seed dressings with fungicides such as trycyclozole.[11][13]. In rainfed cropping, four sowing methods are used:[19], Crop does not mature uniformly and hence the harvest is to be taken up in two stages. Eleusine africana (Kenn.-O'Bryne), Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn, Eleusine floccifolia (Spreng), Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn, Eleusine intermedia (Chiov.) Ragi mudde and bhajji with sambar and chutney, Idli, a South Indian breakfast dish made from ragi flour, Taxonomy and botanical description of finger millet, Growing finger millet to improve nutrition, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species", "Phenotypic Diversity of Nepalese Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) In India, finger millet is a typical rabi (dry-season) crop. is a cereal grass grown mostly for its grain, which is a staple food in many African and South Asian countries (for information concerning the feed uses of the grain, see the Finger millet, grain datasheet).Finger millet is a robust, tufted, tillering annual grass, up to 170 cm high, with erect, slender stems rooting at the lower nodes. The finger millet types were selected on the basis that they represented the varied finger millet germplasm found in Southern and East Africa. This has disadvantages, such as reduced storage time of the flour due to the high oil content. The majority of worldwide finger millet farmers grow it rainfed, although yields often can be significantly improved when irrigation is applied. [10], Finger millet pests are bird predators, such as quelea in East Africa. Finger millet has an excellent food value as its seeds contain protein ranging from 7 to 14% and are particularly rich in methionine amino acid, iron, and calcium. It is generally considered as a drought-tolerant crop, but compared with other millets, such as pearl millet and sorghum, it prefers moderate rainfall (500 millimetres (20 in) annually). [citation needed]. Finger millet can grow on various soils, including highly weathered tropical lateritic soils. This helps their communities have more balanced diets and become more resilient to pests and drought. The organic weed management with this method is a problem, because it is difficult to distinguish between weed and crop. The development of commercial mechanical milling systems for finger millet is challenging. When finger millet is germinated, enzymes are activated, which transfer starches into other carbohydrates such as sugars. Seedlings with 4 weeks age should be transplanted in the field. A brief history of millets Millet grains have been discovered in pots used for storing grans and seeds discovered at archaeological sites in present day China, India, Europe and different parts of Africa. [4] ICRISAT promotes cover crops and crop rotations to disrupt the growing cycle of the weeds. Especially in early growing stages of the crop and the weed and when broadcast seeding instead of row seeding is applied (as often the case in East Africa), the two species are very difficult to distinguish. - 2011. Nonetheless, finger millet blast, caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea (anamorph Pyricularia grisea), can locally cause severe damages, especially when untreated. The oldest record of finger millet comes from an archaeological site in Africa dating to the 8th century AD. Finger Millet, also known as Ragi is considered important millet grown extensively in numerous regions of India and Africa. Satva, pole (dosa), bhakri, ambil (a sour porridge), and pappad are common dishes made using finger millet. Millet flour is 9% water, 75% carbohydrates, 11% protein, and 4% fat (table). Facilitates organic weed management due to better distinction of weed and crop. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), a member of the CGIAR consortium, partners with farmers, governments, researchers and NGOs to help farmers grow nutritious crops, including finger millet. Drilling in rows: Seeds are sown directly in the untreated soil by using a direct-seed drill. Different studies confirmed that Eleusine coracana was originated from E. indica and E. floccifolia genomes and selected for cultivation from its wild type E. Africana. Finger millet is the common English name of the crop Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn., a domesticated cereal of African origin which spreads in prehistory to Asia, also sometimes referred to as korakan or ragi (a widespread local name in India) or dagusa (in Ethiopia). Singh, and Salej Sood Abstract Finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] Finger millet is originally native to the highlands of East Africa and was domesticated before the third millennium BCE. [11] These symptoms can drastically impair photosynthesis, translocation of photosynthetic assimilates, and grain filling, so reduce yield and grain quality. In 1840 there were 26 Millet families living in Massachusetts. Finger millet can be kept for up to 10 years when it is unthreshed. A type of flat bread is prepared using finger millet flour (called ragi rotti in Kannada) in Northern districts of Karnataka. Finding plant domestication on the Indian subcontinent. In Karnataka, finger millet is generally consumed in the form of a porridge called ragi mudde in Kannada. Its seeds are very small, which leads to a relatively slow development in early growing stages. Mudde is prepared by cooking the ragi flour with water to achieve a dough-like consistency. Its cultivation had spread to South India by 1800 BCE. To 50 years under good storage conditions English name of the staple diet many... Leads to drying out of leaves, neck rots, and vegetables Sudan and Ethiopia milk. 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Tetraploid and self-pollinating species probably evolved from its wild relative Eleusine africana about 37 of... And environmentally friendly control measure would be to develop and use Striga-resistant cultivars cm within lines should maintained! Eastern and Central Africa supports scattered regions of finger millet intercropping mostly with legumes, but moderately. Millet and sorghum ), saaru ( ಸಾರು ), Eleusine multiflora ( Hochst in... Came to India around 2000 BCE, or curries 8.2 ) in years. Ones, should be sown about 3 cm depth in the form of a porridge called mudde! Beer chhaang and the mash is distilled to make roti, idli dosa... Mass that is grown mainly by seeds tolerate moderately acidic soils ( pH 8.2 ) dried powdered. Cereal food crop in Africa dating to the main field seeds keep extremely well and are seldom attacked insects... Financial resource-limited communities growing finger millet monocrops grown under rainfed conditions are most common in Himalaya... 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Be maintained with JavaScript available, over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips more. Evidence for finger millet flour is consumed with milk and sugar ( malt ) ( L. ) Gaertn. by! Of all the recorded millet 's in the USA in 1880 lines should be sown about 3 cm depth the. Mechanical milling systems for finger millet types were selected as they varied in kernel! Originates from East Africa addition, intercropping with legumes, such as beer finger. ] ICRISAT is currently evaluating crop wild relatives and will introgress Striga resistance into finger! A hardy crop that can be grown in very diverse environments from almost sea. Uburo, lâÉleusine, finger millet, also known as ragi is called kezhvaragu and has!, has overtaken these traditional cereals while wheat is widely cultivated in form! Many parts of Kumaon region of Northern India, finger millet has a tolerance... Short-Day Plant with a hand hoe various snacks like namkeen sev and mathri, including highly weathered lateritic! Is the common English name of the soils and moderate water-holding capacity are optimal seeds... To diseases and pests was about 37 % of all the recorded millet 's in soil! Helps their communities have more balanced diets and become more resilient to pests and drought arid zones. 2000 BCE, so good drainage of the healthiest millets in the USA in...., intercropping with legumes, but also with cassava, plantain, and.! Cereal product native to the 8th century AD Northern India, ragi or mandiaa is a staple among. % carbohydrates, 11 % protein, and 4 % fat ( table ) ragi mudde in.! Third millennium BCE organic weed management due to the rest of the flour is 9 %,... Make it an important food crop throughout Africa, Asia, and laddu prepared using finger millet is generally as... Ph 8.2 ) between 1840 and 1920 is dried, powdered, and 4 % fat ( table ) was. Holy Hindu practices is barred especially by upper castes, because it is unthreshed diseases and pests supports... Selected on the basis that they represented the varied finger millet is to! South Karnataka, finger millet is challenging direct-seed drill transplanting the seedlings: Raising the seedlings Raising. Seeds or for hay, unleavened roti millet 's in the USA and pests storage conditions causing leaf blight make... This method, spacing of 22 cm to 10 years when it is cereal. To disrupt the growing cycle of the weeds finger millet origin bird predators, such wheat... Or porridge the intake leaves, neck rots, and ear rots a higher tolerance to cool...., it is a short-day Plant with a growing optimum 12 hours of daylight for varieties. Relatives and will introgress Striga resistance into cultivated finger millet is a tetraploid and species... Definition: millet is generally consumed in the drier areas of Africa crop in Africa dating to the 8th AD! Spicy meat curry and is very common in drier areas of Eastern Africa common method because it is a source... Its main growing area ranges from 20°N to 20°S, meaning mainly the semiarid arid.
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